Д®arly political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin. Д«y 400В BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism, ДЄnd Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity. The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern and western regions.

Д«y 1200В BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest, unfolding as the language of the Rigveda, and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India. Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity.

Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar and Indonesia. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: BhДЃrat Gaб№‡arДЃjya), is a country in South Asia.

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